Right, well, I'm not sure I understand what you are asking...
Which shapes do you need to learn how to draw? Just a square/triangle? That would be where I would start...
Assuming your exam is a written exam, I suspect your instructor wants to examine your ability to trace through the iterations of a loop...try to understand how the variables change after each iteration and how that affects your output (when outputting to the console).
As for math calculations...that could really mean anything. For example, if you were given the side length of a square, you could classify a calculation as determining the dimensions of the square, and consequently how to construct an appropriate loop to render it onto the screen/console.
Math calculations could mean extending a sequence of numbers (for example, the triangular numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ...) to construct a triangle.
Moreover, math calculations could also pertain to rendering shapes on a (cartesian) coordinate system.
So what do you mean by math calculations?