import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
from sys import exit

pygame.init()

screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480), 0, 32)

font = pygame.font.SysFont('arial', 32)
font_height = font.get_linesize()

while True:
    
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == QUIT:
            exit()
            
    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
    
    pressed_key_text = []
    pressed_keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
    y = font_height
    
    for key_constant, pressed in enumerate(pressed_keys):
        if pressed:
            key_name = pygame.key.name(key_constant)
            text_surface = font.render(key_name + " pressed", True, (0,0,0))
            screen.blit(text_surface, (8, y))
            y += font_height
            
    pygame.display.update()

In the code above, how does a for loop use two variables? I know this is probably really simples but I've always just used one so I'M not sure how it works.

You can assign tuple of values to tuple of variables in Python

>>> a,b = 0,1
>>> print(a,b)
(0, 1)

You can also do this:

>>> yes, no = 'YN'
>>> print(yes)
Y
>>> print(no)
N

Here is an more complete example

>>> L = [ (1, (2, 3)), (4, (5, 6)), (7, (8, 9))]

>>> for item in L:
...     print  item
(1, (2, 3))
(4, (5, 6))
(7, (8, 9))
    
>>> for x, y in L:
...     print x, y
1 (2, 3)
4 (5, 6)
7 (8, 9)
    
>>> for x, (y, z) in L:
...     print x, y, z
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

(examples obtained with the recent reinteract python shell. Try it, it looks promising).

for key_constant, pressed in enumerate(pressed_keys):

If you are asking about this line (you didn't say), enumerate returns a counter and the original variable, with the counter incremented by one for each item in the list. It is similiar to this, as printing the variables will show

ctr = 0
for pressed in pressed_keys:
   print ctr, pressed
   ctr += 1
##
##
## you can also try
for test_it in enumerate(pressed_keys):     ## don't split into two variables
    print test_it, type(test_it)
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