I have a directory named action at the same level as my basic script. I want to include a file called Upload which is in the action directory in my script. I keep getting errors saying the script can't find my file, but my script looks identical to the book.

include_once('./action/Upload.php/');

What error am I making?

try this

include_once('action/Upload.php');

Thanks.

What are the rules for navigating this way in a directory?

../

means go back,
if in the same directory, then

directory1/directory2/...../file

relative paths:
/directory -> root
directory -> within the directory
../directory -> up one directory

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